![]() The original Biblical Hebrew text does not use the word "Perea", but rather the Hebrew term עבר הירדן (romanized: Ever HaYarden, lit. 'beyond the Jordan'). In the Bible Īccording to the Hebrew Bible, the Transjordan region was home to the Israelite tribes Reuben, Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. And he enumerates the "Perean" cities Cosmas, Libias, Callirhoe, Gazorus, Epicaeros in this district. Ptolemy does not use the term Perea in his Geography, but rather the periphrasis "across the Jordan". ![]() The land of Moab forms its southern limit while Arabia and Silbonitis, with Philadelphia and Gerasa, constitute its eastern boundary. In length, it extends from Machaerus to Pella : in breadth, from Philadelphia to the Jordan : its northern districts being bounded, as we have already said, by Pella and those on the west, by the river. It is also sufficiently irrigated by mountain streams and (should these in the dog-days fail) by ever flowing springs. In some parts, however the soil is loamy and prolific, and trees of various kinds cover the plains but the olive-tree, the vine, and the palm tree, are those principally cultivated. much larger indeed, is generally desert and rugged, and too wild for the growth of delicate fruits. 75 CE Josephus in his work, The Jewish War, Book 3(3) wrote Pars eius Syriae iuncta Galilaea vocatur, Arabiae vero et Aegypto proxima Peraea, asperis dispersa montibus et a ceteris Iudaeis Iordane amne discreta.") Peraea is covered with rugged mountains, and is separated from the other parts of Judaea by the river Jordan (in the original Latin: "Supra Idumaeam et Samariam Iudaea longe lateque funditur. The part of Judaea adjoining Syria is called Galilee, and that next to Arabia and Egypt Peraea. 78 CE Pliny the Elder in his work, Naturalis Historia, Book 5(15) wrote Following the Roman conquest of Judea led by Pompey in 63 BCE, Aulus Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, split the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts of legal and religious councils known as synedrion (in Jewish context better known as Sanhedrin) and based at Jerusalem, Jericho, Sepphoris ( Galilee), Amathus (Perea) and Gadara (either Perea- Al-Salt, Decapolis- Umm Qais, or biblical Gezer, mentioned by Josephus under a Hellenised form of its Semitic name, Gadara, edited to "Gazara" in the Loeb edition ). Gadara or Gadora of Perea (identified as Tell Jadur near Al-Salt) was the chief city or metropolis of Perea (not to be confused with Gadara of the Decapolis−a Hellenistic city). It appears in Eusebius' Greek language geographical work, Onomasticon, but in the Latin translation by Jerome, Transjordan is used. Attested mostly in Josephus' books, the term was in rarer use in the late Roman period. From that time Perea was part of the shifting Roman provinces to its west: Judaea, and later Syria Palaestina, Palaestina and Palaestina Prima. With his death in 44 CE, Agrippa's merged territory was made a province again, including Judaea and for the first time, Perea. In 39 CE, Perea and Galilee were transferred from disfavoured Antipas to Agrippa I by Caligula. ![]() He dedicated the city Livias in the north of the Dead Sea. Herod the Great's kingdom was bequeathed to four heirs, of which Herod Antipas received both Perea and Galilee. Perea or Peraea ( Greek: Περαία, " the country beyond") was the portion of the kingdom of Herod the Great occupying the eastern side of the Jordan River valley, from about one third the way down the Jordan River segment connecting the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea to about one third the way down the north-eastern shore of the Dead Sea it did not extend very far to the east. ![]() Incorporation into Arabia Petraea 106–630 CE ![]()
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